Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Online Newspaper Vs. Print Version -- essays research papers

Paper architects have a tremendous canvas to play with. Their plans can be striking but then complicated and pack substantially more effect than a website page; particularly in light of the fact that the whole twofold page spread is in-your-face in a small amount of a second. Wham, here's the news. The page in the figure is an incredible case of the potential outcomes in print: a huge, high-goals map makes way for a tale about Chile and performs twofold responsibility as a data realistic for a few information pieces. More information is envisioned in littler designs around the page. Also, obviously, there is space for a lot of text that is set in high-goals type and pleasantly incorporated with the features and designs in a satisfying generally speaking format that permits the eye to move from diagram to subtleties in a small amount of a second. The above picture doesn't do equity to the honors book which is imprinted in super-high goals on rock solid lustrous paper. In the book, it is conceivable to really peruse the body text on the page. For on the web, I needed to press the JPEG quality down a considerable amount so as to accomplish the necessary 10-second download time for modem clients. Another advantage of print! Dimensionality Print configuration is 2-dimensional, with much consideration paid to design. It is clearly workable for the peruser to turn the page, however significant interchange between various spreads is uncommon. Commonly, each view is a structure unit made for a fixed size canvas - frequently a major canvas when planning papers or banners. Interestingly, Web configuration is all the while 1-dimensional and N-dimensional. A website page is on a very basic level a looking over encounter for the client rather than a canvas understanding. A modest quantity of 2-dimensional format is conceivable, however not to the degree of making a pre-arranged involvement in a fixed spatial connection between components. Clients regularly start looking before the sum total of what components have been rendered, and various clients will look over the page in various manners all through their understanding experience. Exact situation of components on a site page conflicts with the idea of HTML and must be accomplished to a guess for pages that can conform to various window sizes. Subsequently, 2-dimensional connections between page components are less significant than 1-dimensional connections (what's right off the bat the page; what's later on the page). Route The N-dimensional part of website composition follows fr... ...esign ways to deal with use the qualities of every medium and limit its shortcomings. Print configuration depends on letting the eyes stroll over the data, specifically seeing data items and utilizing spatial juxtaposition to make page components upgrade and clarify one another. Website architecture works by letting the hands move the data (by looking over or clicking); data connections are communicated transiently as a major aspect of a cooperation and client development. With better equipment, contrasts as far as appearance and design may decrease. Simultaneously, increasingly incredible programming and a superior comprehension of intuitive data articles will expand the distinctions as far as collaboration and client control. Current website compositions are deficiently intelligent and have incredibly poor utilization of mixed media. It is uncommon to see a web liveliness that has any objective other than irritating the client. Print configuration is profoundly refined, as prove by looking through the ongoing book of grant winning structures. Website architecture is ruined in light of the fact that an excessive number of locales make progress toward an inappropriate guidelines of greatness that seemed well and good in the print world however don't make adequate advances in intuitiveness.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Banking2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Banking2 - Essay Example with the article 7 of the Saudi Banking Control Law the things that are permitted to be held for liquidity holds by the business banks are the accompanying ones: ‘cash, gold or assets’ (article 7). The legitimate most extreme advance size that business banks in Saudi Arabia can give is referenced in the article 8 of the Saudi Banking Control Law. As per this article a business bank in Saudi Arabia isn't permitted to give a credit which surpasses the ‘25% of the bank’s saves and settled up or contributed capital’ (article 8). As per the article 10 there is a progression of exercises disallowed to banks across Saudi Arabia; we could characteristically allude to the accompanying ones: a) to engage in discount or retail exchange exercises, b) to buy the portions of a bank working in Saudi Arabia, c) to secure or rent land †except if this is fundamental for the improvement of the firm’s exercises or in view of obligations to the bank (article 10). The above exercises are allowed to banks working in Saudi Arabia simply after the composed approval of the Agency. 5. Rundown 4 exercises that SAMA (Central Bank of Saudi Arabia) would execute in the event that it finds that a business bank isn't living with banking laws particularly when those un-permitted exercises antagonistically influence the bank’s capacity to reimburse back its credits as well as influence his liquidity position? In the event that that a bank working in Saudi Arabia neglects to observe the principles set in the country’s Banking lawful structure, at that point it very well may be constrained by SAMA; the above power can take the measures required so as to guarantee the assurance of people in general from the specific association; in this unique circumstance, the accompanying exercises can be created †implemented by SAMA: a) delegate at least one properly gifted counselors, b) request the suspension of any official †or even the executive †who is considered as answerable for the authoritative disappointments, c) set cutoff points to the credit offered to the

Monday, July 27, 2020

Summer RecapThe Book Launch

Summer Recapâ€"The Book Launch For several reasons, it’s been quite a while since my last blog. Between then and now, a fusillade of transformations has taken place. Rather than present a disjointed patchwork of events from here and there, I’ll just take a deep breath and start from the beginning, when summer was peaking and plans were forming. Book Launch In 2012, I started working on a novel. In 2013, it was completed. In 2014, it was published. The journey from the first uncertain scrawl of words to the final product was a weird, imprecise zigzag, but it’s also one I never foresaw. Back then, if you had asked me why I was writing the book, I probably would have looked at you with furrowed brows and a surprised look. Why? Why I’m writing it? Because…because… I want to? No, not quite. I mean, yes, of course I want to write. But that’s not why. I don’t know what the why is. I don’t know why the kidnapping on the news stuck with me the way it did, why it bounced around and persisted in my head, fermenting and ripening until it suddenly felt too much to simply be contained. It just had to be written. I couldn’t say why, but it just had to be, and in the absence of words to give shape to this looming story, it persisted like a large pimple, needing immediate attention. The moment I began typing the words, it was like getting lost, vanishing into a dark cabinet where warm voices murmur and where you feel comfort despite the lack of sight. That’s why I wrote the book, and I don’t think I can articulate it any better than that. What I do know is that I never really intended for it to be published, at least not until the later stages of the novel, a hundred thousand words into the demented lives of Joseph and Ashley. I was writing because, just because, fullstop, and the idea of publishing held the same substance that MIT once dida height to be contemplated and admired, never grasped. But I already spoke about how dreams sometimes spring out of the boxes they reside in. I just want to talk about the process of bringing the published book to life. A book needs readers, right? So the publishing press put together a small planning committee. We upturned every rock, burnt the midnight oil, trying to figure out how to promote the book. Ultimately, we decided on a pre-sales book launch that would bring together students, parents, friends, government personnel and the media into a whirlwind of publicity. The launch took place on the nineteenth of June. Teachers from my high school showed up with students. My friends trickled in, all of them looking so much more different than I remembered. Government ministries were represented, of education, of power. So were companies I suppose were curious about the book, and about whatever waves it was stirring. I think a lot of the unexpectedly profound publicity had a lot to do with my age juxtaposed against the sheer size of the book. Prior to the launch, I went around a lot, meeting people, introducing the book, giving summaries and free copies and autographs. Whenever they saw it for the first time, there was a certain way their eyes popped open. Sure, they knew I’d written something, but it was so…big. I found this near-universal surprise a little amusing. They’d ask how I’d done it, and it would seem a bit weird because I had had a year and I wrote all the time, and the daily hours of investment, which I guess accumulated pretty fast, seemed sort of normal at the time. I write with every chance I get. And like anything, it just piles up. Anyway, for the launch, I was dressed in a spiffy red suit, which made me feel claustrophobic. I was also nervous as hell. I remember diving into a bathroom moments before everything began, just breathing in and out, staring at myself in the mirror. The cynical, consistently loud, consistently self-aware and self-criticizing part of me I think comes with writing was actually quiet that day. All of me was quiet, inside and out. I knew it was a huge day, or was supposed to be a huge day, but staring at myself, with my bent glasses hinged on my crooked nose, I couldn’t quite process anything, except the feeling of bigness, of being overwhelmed without being sure why. Then the event started. Guests of honors were rattled out, most notably a state governor who had sent in a representative. There were a few remarks about the book, followed by an in-depth review by a professor. And I do mean in-depth. His review was long and detailed and sweeping, and brought to light his opinions on the merits and flaws of the book. For instance, to his taste, my symbolism was overdone and a lot of phrases were notably unduly complicated or odd-sounding. But overall, his review was positive. He praised the characters, the realistic nature of their depressing situations. It was actually the first official review of the book, and the first professional review I’d heard and I think I was most aware of the fact that all these people were here listening to him talk about the book, while I sat at the other side of the room, facing the crowd, still sort of shell-shocked. After the review was over, I read a few pages from the book, somehow without hyperventilating into a nervous mess on the floor. Then the sales began. There were lots of pictures and lots of poses and lots of interviews and lots of clicking cameras. People smiling and talking and mingling and pulling me in all directions when the launch ended. But to my ears, the inner ears that no one could probe, there was only the loudness of my heartbeat, the awe. I dont know why. I do know that the day of the launch was one of the happiest days of my life. During the launch, most people bought the book at its normal price, but a lot of others, mostly government personnel, wanted to show support for the book and the publishers, and thus voluntarily bought copies at significantly higher amounts. As a result, the novel broke even on the first day of sale, and since then has made over forty thousand dollars. Aftermath A lot followed the day of the launch. I still went everywhere I could, trying to promote it. My high school gave me a booth during its Class of 2014 Graduation Ceremony where I sat for several hours and talked about the book to parents. And while sales did happen all the time, they also didn’t happen a lot of times. Since I was one of several people involved in direct sales, there were times I would walk up to people to talk about the book and they would quickly shut me downâ€"the natural fear of all salespeople, I think, wherein we all agree that they are soul-sucking time-wasting leeches. I remember in particular, approaching a bored-looking woman during the graduation ceremony, asking her if I could interest her in the book. She said “sure” and I went into a detailed explanation as to what it was all about. She nodded and smiled and after I was done, she asked, “Are you done?” “Yes,” I said. “Okay,” she replied. “No.” Then she got up and left. There were other variantsâ€"“I’m not interested” and “Please I’m busy” and the noncommittal “Okay, I’ll come by later and check it out, I promise.” But the ones that did sell involved the same first stepâ€"having the courage to go up and talk to people. They didn’t come over to the booths by themselvesâ€"at least many of them didn’t. A lot of times, I had to take a breath in and walk up to them and say, “Hey, can I talk to you about this book?” I’m not very good with public speaking. Heck, people have a consistently hard time trying to figure out what I’m saying. I was too aware of this and was always nervous, but somehow always managed to slip into that neutral, controlled, traveling salesman voice whenever I had to. It was a powerful learning experience, and for each sale and each rejection that came from me reaching out to someone, I was at least proud of my effort. ** The book was featured in three national newspapers, a literary magazine and a national TV channelâ€"African Independent Television. For the TV bit, I naturally had to go up to be interviewed. On live TV. And I didn’t realize it was live until moments before the program started. I probably would have if I hadn’t been so late. So the extensive network of offices, satellites and equipment that comprise AIT are situated on top of a hill, but this hill is shrouded by extensive high-rises of jutting rocks and sprawling vegetation, and thus making it out from the ground is impossible. There was no internet to even permit me to fool around on a GPS, and even though my parents (who were driving me there) had the address, we had no real clue where the place was. We resorted to the “Nigerian GPS” system, which means stopping continuously to ask passersby for direction. Which was fun because one would say, “Head a few miles north this way” and we would head north and ask someone else who would say, “Nope, wrong direction, head several miles south the opposite way!” But we did end up finding the station in the nick of time. I was supposed to be featured on a live Sunday afternoon show called “Frontline”, and we were dangerously close to running late. Thus, there was no time to prepare. The show’s host, Martin Ilo, hurried me into the newsroom. I was more or less shoved into a seat. A swarm of people surrounded me, powdering my face and my nose with all sorts of weird things that, in my disoriented state of mind, could have been anything from lotion to rat poison. Then bright halogen lights washed my face and my host’s in strange glows, and a million cameras rose like vanishing angels and Martin told me to be calm and collected and just think of him as a casual friend and then the show began. I’m still not sure how that went, but it was definitely fun. So yeah, the book did make more waves than my mind had ever imagined (or intended) it would, but I think the smallest wave it made, at least from a grand cosmic world view or just some objective point of view, was the biggest one for me. But I’ll get to that in just a bit. In Closing, A Few Things From the moment I started writing the book and up to its current evolving state today, I learnt a lot. I don’t want to spend too much time talking about lessons, because they were mostly for me anyway, and they felt like the sort of lessons that imprinted themselves on you by virtue of experience, as opposed to some grand lecturing, but I do wanna say a few things. First, people make dreams happen. Not just a person, people. And there are so many of them I’m grateful for, the wheels of the cog without whom the book would have never spun and taken flight. My parents and friends, the publishers and the salespeople, the government officials that helped out and were willing to let me engage them. So just think about that. That one idea you’ve spent harboring will not be driven to fruition in a dingy basement or a lonely lab. And that’s one of the most comforting, most relieving facts I know. Second, we’re all capable of courage, but for the things we care most about, it really shows itself when it counts the most. Talking to people, being in the center of things, making public statements, these are the sort of things I can happily do when writing, because the words have a certain drum with which they flow to my head, and it’s rhythmic enough for me that I don’t care so much about how others perceive it. Speaking is almost the direct opposite, and having to do so much of it in such little time was far beyond my comfort zone. But that’s where our most strong-legged dreams will want to take us, beyond our comfort zones. We shouldn’t be afraid to follow them as they lead us. And finally, make small waves. Whenever you can. I talked about the physically small wave that actually ended up meaning so much to meâ€"and that wave was my little brother, Johnpaul, who I think represented the biggest aftermath of the book launch for me. Johnpaul had been at the book launch. The day afterward, I found him on the house desktop, which meant the universe was still in order because he was always there playing some really old version of FIFA. But this time, he wasn’t playing a game. As I came upon what he was doing, I was pretty surprised. “Johnpaul?” I said. “What are you doing?” He looked up from the Microsoft Office document, where at the corner, I saw he had written seven hundred words thus far. “I want to be like you,” he said. “I want to write my own book too.” For me, that small wave was the biggest one. **

Friday, May 22, 2020

A Cohort Of Adult Egyptian Patients With Acute Myeloid...

The clinical relevance and prognostic significance of ABCG2 gene expression in a cohort of adult Egyptian patients with acute myeloid leukemia Abstract Purpose ; Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous clonal disorder, with several novel prognostic factors including changes in levels of gene expression. Limited number of clinical studies are available about the role of multidrug transporter adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette protein (ABCG2) gene expression in adult AML. Methods; In this study we measured ABCG2 mRNA expression by quantitative real time RT-PCR in 50 de novo adult AML patients and 20 healthy normal controls. We evaluated the of expression in relation to other clinical and prognostic factors, response to treatment and disease free survival in AML patients to investigate their possible association with clinical outcomes. ABCG2 mRNA was over expressed in AML patients than in control. Results; There was a positive correlation between ABCG2 gene expression level and the percent of CD34expression (p= 0.016, r= 0.330). There was no statistically significant relation between ABCG2 mRNA expre ssion level and response to induction treatment as well as disease free survival of the studied group of patients. Conclusion; ABCG2 m-RNA is over expressed in AML ,but it did not affect the prognosis of the patients. The biology of ABCG2 expression and function in AML is more complex and needs more standardized clinical studies. Key words; ABCG2,

Saturday, May 9, 2020

Using Renewable Energy Systems ( Ac ) - 2416 Words

Summary: At present, most distributed renewable energy systems produce direct current (DC) electricity which is then inverted to alternating current (AC) and fed into the electric grid. Simultaneously, many modern building loads and storage systems use rectifiers to convert AC grid electricity to DC for use at the load or battery. Onsite use of renewable energy production therefore requires two energy conversions: DC/AC at the point of generation and AC/DC at the load. The Bosch DC Building Scale Microgrid Platform (DCBMP) offers significant benefits relative to conventional AC grid systems by distributing as much solar power as possible to DC loads/storage, and then inverting only the excess power to AC for AC loads and export to the grid. The DCBMP maximizes the utilization of solar energy on-site, smooths the volatility of the PV output, increases the load and storage efficiencies and minimizes dependence on grid-based electricity. The proposal incorporates long-life (20-25 year s), commercially ready technology, increasing energy efficiency and improving energy security. These features are provided at a low up-front investment when compared to conventional AC-based systems, enabling a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) less than $0.14/kWh by 2020 for behind-the-meter PV and storage systems and a lower total cost of ownership for the DC loads and DC resources as compared to other approaches, while providing export power to the utility grid through smart inverterShow MoreRelatedUsing Matpower For Wholesale Power Management1518 Words   |  7 Pages Using MATPOWER for Wholesale Power Management Faizul Haque M.E (Eng MGMT) ENN590 – Project Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering (Coursework) Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology October 2015 Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to my Project Supervisor Dr Yateendra Mishra, Course Co-ordinator Dr Dhammika Jayalath and Mechanical Co-ordianator Dr Wijitha Senaeera for theirRead MoreAlternative Energy: Solar Energy1323 Words   |  5 PagesIn the world today, alternative energy source which is an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear energy is becoming more and more of a necessity. Right now, the world’s population growth has caused an increase in the energy demand. Rosenberg (2009) pointed out that the world’s current growth rate is about 1.14%, representing a doubling time of 61 years. OECDs International Energy Agency[IEA] (2014) found that from 2011 to 2035 the world energy demand is likely to rise by more than two-thirds. ThoughRead MoreControl System And Performance Of Dc Microgrid Under Various Loads1596 Words   |  7 PagesControl System and Performance of DC Microgrid under Various Loads Ya Min Soe#1, Soe Soe Ei Aung#2, Zarchi Linn#3 Ph.D Student, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon Technological University, InseinTownship, Yangon, Myanmar 1yaminsoe.lpt@gmail.com 2soesoeeiaung@gmail.com 3zclinn@gmain.com Ph No: +95 95070091 Abstract: DC microgrid is the high quality electric power system focused on the development of renewable energy resources. The dc distributionRead MoreControl System And Performance Of Dc Micro Grid Under Various Loads1597 Words   |  7 PagesControl System and Performance of DC Micro grid under Various Loads Ya Min Soe#1, Soe Soe Ei Aung#2, Zarchi Linn#3 Ph.D Student, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon Technological University, InseinTownship, Yangon, Myanmar 1yaminsoe.lpt@gmail.com 2soesoeeiaung@gmail.com 3zclinn@gmain.com Ph No: +95 95070091 Abstract: DC microgrid is the high quality electric power system focused on the development of renewable energy resources. The dc distributionRead MoreResearch Project On Energy Neutral Homes1619 Words   |  7 PagesThis career episode gives the brief description about my roles and responsibilities executed during the project on Energy Neutral Homes in Geelong which was done as a part of my Masters in Automotive and product development at Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. Chronology: 20 Name of the Organization: Deakin University Graphical location: Geelong, Australia Project Title: Energy Neutral Homes in Geelong Position: Student Trainee Background CE 3.2 This project was implemented as a partRead MoreSolar Panel For The Greenhouse Effect1459 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Energy is one of the issues that is causing the most controversy as fossil fuels are the greatest pollutants and the greatest contributors to the greenhouse effect .The increasing importance of environmental concern, fuel savings and unavailability of power has led to the renewal of interest in renewable energies. It therefore stands to reason that developing countries whose energy consumption rate is increasing at a very fast rate should be investigating new energy systems based on renewableRead MoreSystem Advisor Model Is Developed By The National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( Nrel )1261 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Study EEL 4905-Spring 2015 03/09/15 System Advisor Model (SAM) or System Advisor Model is developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and is available for free download. Its main function is to predict the performance and cost of residential and commercial projects. SAM has different options for predicting the performance of photovoltaic systems. The model requires that the user choose from different photovoltaic system models, and depending on that choice, possibly chooseRead MoreWhat Is The Impact Of Renewable Energy, And What Is It Has Increase In Distribution Network?954 Words   |  4 Pagesnetwork I. INTRODUCTION Due to growing environmental concerns, adoption of policies favoring renewables and governments incentivizing renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind, these are expected to become larger part of our energy profile in the next couple of decades. (grid impacts†¦) Renewable energy is the fundamental and growing part of world’s energy transformation. Figure 1 shows the renewable electricity capacity growth by technology and it can be observed that a significant growthRead MoreAdvantages Of Optimum Design Of Islanded Microgrid863 Words   |  4 Pagesin Myanmar Abstract: Renewable energy sources in energy generation can decrease the costs of system fuel and also can have desirable impact on reliability of system. According to the weather condition in Myanmar, solar energy is the best renewable energy source to provide electricity for both urban and rural areas. The islanded microgrid system optimization that is composed of the photovoltaic (PV) system, battery energy storage system (BESS), and diesel generation system (DGS) is proposed for fulfillingRead MoreFossil Fuel : Fossil Fuels Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagespower.   While clean energy is becoming popular for main energy, fossil fuels are relied on for backup energy for industry and commercial buildings.   Different types of fossil fuels have been used throughout history.   Coal and its byproduct has been used to fuel and improve industry.   While green energy is becoming the newest and cleanest form of energy, the transition between the two will have be dependent on foss il fuels. Fossil fuels play an important role in emergency energy.  Ã‚   In industry and

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Interview with a Counselee Free Essays

This interview was conducted one month after the counseling took place. The counselee was an average high school student who attempted to take suicide by slashing her wrist and cutting her tongue. The counselee informed the author of this paper that she made a suicide attempt due to feelings of abandonment by her family and friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview with a Counselee or any similar topic only for you Order Now At present, the student is still undergoing follow-up sessions with the school counselor, and being observed by her class adviser. During the interview, the student showed some mannerisms of biting her fingers, and narrowing her eyes. She and the author (interviewer) sat in front of each other in a small counseling room. 1. When asked about her thoughts and feelings as she prepared for the counseling experience, the student said that she felt a little nervous that the counselor would get mad at her for attempting suicide. She did not want to open up at first because the counselor was unknown to her. Although she often saw the counselor in the school whenever she passed by the counseling room and during the orientation for freshmen, she had not come as close to the counselor as that time when she had counseling. Due to unfamiliarity with the counselor, she somehow felt that she could not trust her, and that the counselor would relay her secrets to other people. 2. The counselee also expressed that when she came inside the counseling room, the counselor smiled at her at once, and asked her to sit. The first words that the counselor uttered were, â€Å"How are you? † When the counselor spoke this, the student said she felt appeased that the counselor was not mad at her. She sensed then that the counselor was concerned about her. During the session, the counselor said that she would value whatever the student would share to her, and her feelings are very precious. She also told the student that everything they would talk about would be confidential, and as long as the counselee promises never to do the attempt again, the counselor would not inform her parents of what the student shared to her. Because of this, the student said she felt comfortable with the counselor and could not help but to express what she felt and thought that day. In assurance, the counselor said that she could be of help to the counselee if the counselee would allow her to help. In this particular counseling situation, we may note that the counselor was successful in building up rapport between her and the counselee. She did this by expressing that she values the feelings of the counselee (Wexler, as cited in Lambie, 2004 ), and the counselee could trust her with secrets. 3. As regards the obstacles that hindered the counselee from sharing her experience with the counselor, the counselee commented that due to the friendly approach and concern of the counselor, she felt at ease with her. 4. When asked what she learned about the helping/counseling process after undergoing it, the student said that she was very glad that they have a service like this in school and through this program she realized a couple of things. First, she realized that some people are concerned about her and she could find a friend among them, such as the counselor and other counselors as well. She also stated that she felt lucky that her school has a friendly and compassionate counselor who would listen to her, without condemning what she did. She also appreciated the fact that the counselor was not grading her for how she performed during the counseling session, and she did not have to be conscious of what she would tell the counselor. In other words, the process made her express her real self and provided her someone whom she felt was concerned. 5. As we can see, the counseling process that took place was of great help to the student. Through the school counseling program, students like the interviewee in this report are given the attention they need. Just like any counseling process, it is very important for every counselor to listen attentively, offer advice when needed, and make the counselee feel comfortable. In the case of the student, we may say that a lot of students nowadays have a different view of counseling unless they have undergone one. The misconceptions expressed by the counselee before the session include imagining the counselor getting mad at her, or relaying her secrets to her parents. These are the same examples of how some students view counseling. However, these misconceptions are proven wrong once they encounter the real counseling experience. Reference Lambie, Glenn. Motivational enhancement therapy: A tool for professional school counselors working with adolescents. Professional School Counseling. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_4_7/ai_n6033401 How to cite Interview with a Counselee, Papers

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Studying Abroad as a Chance to Employed

Abstract Study abroad graduates have twice the chance of getting employed. About 97% of them gain employment in their first year of graduation. Their initial salary figure is 25% more than study home graduates. Employers prefer study abroad graduates because of their perceived high interactivity developed from their interaction abroad.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Studying Abroad as a Chance to Employed specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It prepares them adequately for global assignments where organisations operate in multicultural societies. Domestic employers, however, may consider them to be less valuable than locally trained graduates. The spell of interruption in their studies may convince local employers that they have little mastery of the local market situation. Introduction Studying abroad has become an ever growing phenomenon as people seek to obtain mixed skills and experiences to enhance their perfor mance. According to a general survey result, many students who studied abroad at some point during their graduate studies are more likely to find employment within their first year of employment compared to those who studied at home. This paper seeks to discuss the impact of studying abroad in graduate level on employability. Current Graduate Labour Market According to the University of Wolverhampton, 59.2% of graduates who had attained their first degree in 2009 were engaged in employment only. Another 15.3% of the graduates went for further studies only; that is, without engaging in employment at the same time, while 8.0% were both studying and employed (University of Wolverhampton, 2008, para 1). Unemployed graduates comprised of 8.9% of the total number, while a paltry 3.8% of the graduates were neither studying nor employed. The remaining 4.6% of the graduates were not grouped under any activity (University of Wolverhampton, 2008, para 1). Increased competition in the global ar ena, as well as advanced technology is demanding higher skills for the workforce. Owing to these changes and growing demands, occupations that previously did not require graduate employees now require degree holders. Higher education has expanded a great deal.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has attracted more people to go for degrees to increase their chances of gaining employment (University of Wolverhampton, 2008, para 5). Analysis of employability of graduates who studied abroad Vs those who did not Employability The University of California, Merced, reports that there are limited statistics indicating the true comparison between graduates who studied in the home country against those who studied abroad. However, it cites a notable research indicating that up to 97% of students who studied abroad at one time found employment in the first 12 months of their graduatio n (University of California, 2013, para 1). In comparison, only 49% of graduates who studied in the domestic colleges were able to secure employment. It implies that graduates who study abroad have twice the possibility of gaining employment as opposed to their local college graduate counterparts. Of the 97% study abroad alumni, about 90% of them got employed in the first six months of their graduation (University of California, 2013, para 1). Salaries Study abroad graduates, in comparison to their study home counterparts, enjoy a better starting salary by about 25% more. It has been established that graduates who school abroad earn a higher salary of at most 25% higher than their home counterparts. This additional salary figure is equivalent to about $7,000 more each year. Throughout their employment period, the study abroad alumni earn an average of about $567,500 more compared to their graduate counterparts who study locally (University of California, 2013, para 1). Other areas o f comparison Study abroad graduates are more likely to land either their first or second choice graduate school compared to those who study at home. According to the statistics, 90% of the graduates who study abroad have higher chances of landing either their first or second choice graduate school (University of California, 2013, para 2). It implies, therefore, that they have a higher likelihood of attaining the right skills and education that they intend to achieve. This eventually improves their chances of getting employed after their studies because of their highly competitive skills.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Studying Abroad as a Chance to Employed specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A majority of employers also confirm the fact that graduates who study abroad are more likely to be of benefit to the organisation than employing graduate students with only local education. Up to 59% of the employers concede that study abroad graduates have a higher likelihood of having a better career, thus benefiting their organisations more (University of California, 2013, para 3). The opportunity to study abroad, according to employers, empowers a graduate to gain more valuable skills and techniques. Such individuals can fit into any society and perform their roles well. It enhances an individual’s interaction ability and the ability to study and understand a foreign business environment faster than their competitors in the job market (University of California, 2013, para 7). Valuable Skills and Knowledge Acquired from Studying Abroad Cultural competence Personal relationships play a critical role in enhancing business performance, especially where international trade is involved. An individual in the business must be able to understand his or her own culture, as well as understand others’ cultures to achieve cultural competence. As Earley and Peterson (2004, p. 100) suggest, cultural intelligence is a crucial component of business that describes the behavioural, meta-cognitive, and motivational factors. Graduate students who study abroad get the opportunity to develop multi-faceted interpersonal skills. The opportunity helps the individuals to develop their self-awareness and understand the perceptions of others (Hogan Warrenfeltz, 2003, p. 74). These are important job market skills, particularly owing to the changing market trends and business operations. More companies are seeking to expand their markets and involve multi-cultural societies or communities that require cultural competence (Earley Peterson, 2004, p. 101). Global Industry Competence Graduates who get the opportunity to study abroad build their global industry competence and understanding. This skill mainly involves an understanding of the association between global industries, on the one hand, and the economies within which they are located, on the other hand.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such individuals are poised to easily understand the interconnectivity of the international markets, what the global customer preferences and needs are, and how to conduct effective marketing processes (Knight Kim, 2009). Entrepreneurship Competence Graduates who study abroad gain the ultimate skills and knowledge of leadership that is able to steer entrepreneurship to admirable heights. Such individuals, by virtue of their experience studying in a foreign country, have developed a great understanding of the international commerce and its impact on business. Such students are more likely to work for small-sized firms and gain a lot of experience in terms of entrepreneurship competence in general while undertaking their studies abroad (Knight Kim, 2009, p. 225). Job Positions likely to be secured by Study Abroad Graduates Graduates who studied abroad are more likely to be employed as marketing managers (University of Wolverhampton, 2008, para 6). Marketing requires a lot of skills in understanding culture and having the ability to interpret others’ needs and requirements accurately. The opportunity to study in a foreign country, therefore, makes it a good experience to equip one with the understanding and knowledge about other people and how to relate with them. IT specialists are also more likely to be individuals who acquired their education from abroad. With technology advancements taking place at a fast pace, individuals may seek to travel to other countries to get a better experience on technology. This may be the case in a scenario where one country is more advanced in terms of technology than a student’s home country (University of Wolverhampton, 2008, para 6). Studying abroad: Extent to which it increases graduates’ likelihood of working in a foreign country Graduates who studied abroad at some point during their studies have a higher likelihood of working abroad than those who studied in their home countries throughout. Study abr oad graduates have experienced a different culture and tradition, different from their home cultures (Earley Peterson, 2004, p. 100). Thus, employers in foreign countries or those owning multinational firms may be more willing to work with such individuals because of their developed interpersonal skills. Such study abroad graduates may not need extensive training and orientation sessions when they go to work in a foreign country because they are already experienced. The foreign employers look up to them as the best alternative during employment drives because they will spend less resources and time on the graduates to try and have them understand and accurately interpret their new environments (Earley Peterson, 2004, p. 100). Employment Disadvantages for Study Abroad Graduates Domestic employers may consider individuals who studied abroad in low esteem compared to those who studied at home. The study home graduates may be considered to understand the local market more than the stu dy abroad graduates because of their continued stay at home (Feldman Ng, 2007, p. 350). The experience with the local situation and market that the study home graduates enjoy might prove convincing to the employers that they are better placed to handle the demanding market situation. Although the study abroad graduates may have acquired superior skills, particularly skills on interrelationships, local employers may not consider it to be of much relevance. The fact that the local population may be of homogeneous cultural background may make local employers to consider such foreign-trained individuals to be of less value to their organisations or institutions (Feldman Ng, 2007, p. 350). Conclusion Study abroad graduates have a better chance of securing employment opportunities compared to college graduates who may have studied in their home country throughout their education. Labour market trends indicate that up to 97% of study abroad graduates secure employment within the first ye ar of their graduation. Study abroad graduates use their interaction abroad to hone their interrelations skills to admirable standards. They have a better chance of working for foreign firms because of their intercultural experience gained during their studies abroad. Recommendations Individuals should consider studying abroad to increase their chances of employment. It also provides them with a better opportunity to earn higher salaries. Marketing and management skills should be the best choice of graduates seeking to study abroad. Most employers prefer managers and marketers with foreign training skills. Study abroad graduates should also ensure they keep abreast with the domestic market situation and development to enhance their chances of getting employed at home. List of References Earley, PC Peterson, RS 2004, ‘The elusive cultural chameleon: cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager’, Academy of Management Learning and Education, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 100-115. Feldman, DC Ng, TW 2007, ‘Careers: Mobility, embeddedness, and success’, Journal of Management, vol. 33, no. 3. pp. 350-377. Hogan, R Warrenfeltz, R 2003, ‘Educating the modern manager’, Academy of Management Learning and Education, vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 74-84. Knight, GA Kim, D 2009, ‘International business competence and the contemporary firm’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 225-73. University of California, 2013, Study abroad and careers, salaries, and job skills. Web. University of Wolverhampton 2008, Graduate labour market. Web. This essay on Studying Abroad as a Chance to Employed was written and submitted by user Jamarion K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Friday, March 20, 2020

The Ultimate Study Guide for SAT Reading Strategies, Tips, and Practice

The Ultimate Study Guide for SAT Reading Strategies, Tips, and Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We've created the best guide to the SAT Reading section out there. This is not just us tooting our own horns. By reading many SAT prep books as well as studying the CollegeBoard’s own resources, we've been able to take the best aspects of each and combine them into a magnificent Frankenstein’s monster of a guide. We cover each SAT Reading question type in detail, organized not by how the questions are asked, but by the essential underlying skills the questions are testing. You'll get the best SAT Reading tips and strategies available, as well as information about how to get the most out of your SAT Reading practice and prep. If you're looking for a comprehensive guide to SAT Reading and how to improve your SAT Reading score, the information provided herein is invaluable. Master all these concepts, use realistic practice questions, and learn how to learn from your mistakes, and you'll be able to increase your SAT Reading score drastically. This article is organized into three sections. We'll start with understanding SAT Reading section at a high level, followed by going into SAT Reading questions in depth and delineating the skills tested by each question type. Finally, we'll end with study plans and how to maximize your study time for score improvement. I suggest that you read the articles in order (as listed) on your first time through. In the future, you can use this guide as a reference page to come back to as you progress in your test prep. feature image credit: Enquire Within Upon Everything by Jeremy Keith, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. High Level Guidance for SAT Reading These guides lay the groundwork for your SAT Reading practice and preparation. Read on to find out how to approach SAT Reading, and what high level strategies to always keep in mind. What's Actually Tested On SAT Reading? Make sure you understand the format of the SAT Reading section- it might be different from what you expect. Get a detailed overview of what types of questions are on SAT Reading, and what people think is tested but really isn't. The Fundamental Rule Of SAT Reading(Must Read) There are many skills you need to excel on SAT Reading, but ultimately there is one rule that should guide your SAT Reading practice and prep. Using this rule, you will be able to understand the SAT Reading section and eliminate answer choices like never before. This should underlie all of your SAT Reading prep from this point on. The Best Ways To Read The Passage On SAT Reading There is no one right way to read the passages on SAT Reading. This doesn’t mean, however, that some ways aren’t more effective than others. We show you three ways to read the Reading passages and teach you to decide for yourself which way will work best for you. How To Get An 800 On SAT Reading: 10 Strategies From A Perfect Scorer Our ultimate SAT Reading guide covers motivation, study strategies, and more, based on the experience of our resident perfect scorer (and PrepScholar co-founder) Allen Cheng. Use these strategies in your studying to aim for a top score. How To Improve Your Low SAT Reading Score The strategies you’ll need to use if you’re aiming for a 30/40 on the SAT Reading section are not the same as those needed by perfect scorers. If you have a low SAT Reading score and need help getting up to a 30/40 on Reading (or a 600/800 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing), this article can help. SAT Reading Skills These guides go into detail about major question types on the SAT Reading test. Learn about the skills each question type is testing, get strategies for dealing with these questions, read our walkthroughs of actual SAT Reading questions, and try out some practice questions. Reading Comprehension Skills and Strategies Big Picture Questions You need to be able to separate details from what’s important to find main point or primary purpose of a paragraph, series of paragraphs, or a passage. This involves being able to read a sizeable amount of text and glean from it what’s important. Inference Questions Being able to draw (supported) inferences is the most important skill to have on SAT Reading. You must be able to make logical deductions, based on information in the passage. This means that you’ll need to be able to separate out what â€Å"could be possible, depending on a few things† from what â€Å"is likely true, given the information stated in the passage.† Words in Context: Key SAT Reading and Writing Strategies The most direct way you'll be tested on vocabulary in the SAT Reading section is through questions that ask you to explain the meaning of words in context in the passage. Often, all the answer choices will be correct for a certain definition of the word- it's up to you to figure out which meaning is being used in that particular context. Evidence Support Questions One of the most common types of questions on SAT Reading, Evidence Support questions test your ability to find the answer that best backs up your answer to the previous question. We go over the different ways you'll be tested on your command of evidence, walk you through sample questions, and give you essential tips for mastering this skill. How to Analyze Data Graphics on SAT Reading On the new SAT Reading section, you need be able to interpret graphics and tables as well as passages. Discover what analytical skills you'll need to successfully answer these quantitative questions and how to train for the three to six data analysis questions that appear on every SAT Reading section. Little Picture/Detail Questions Just as important as being able to understand the big picture in SAT Reading passages is being able to locate specific details. For little picture questions on SAT Reading, you'll need to be able hunt down specific information in a passage, whether you're given a line number or not. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT, but you can still skim it for general reading tips that are applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Function Questions Other questions on SAT Reading ask you to define not just what a phrase, line, or series of lines says, but what it does, or what effect something like italics or extra quotation marks has on a sentence. These function questions may seem as if they're asking you to read the author's mind, which is a futile endeavor. Find out how to translate questions that seem to require psychic abilities into ones that you can actually answer! The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT, but the tips are still applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Author Technique Questions Everyone should take a look at author technique questions, even if it’s just to get a look at how these questions are asked. For the completionist SAT Reading studier, we’ve included strategies focused on questions that ask about tone and mood. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT,but the tips are still applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Analogy Questions You may have thought that analogy question disappeared entirely from SAT Reading, but au contraire! They are still there, just sneaky (and rare). If you want to make sure you've covered absolutely everything you need to know about SAT Reading, you'll need to learn how to deal with analogy questions in their current form. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT,but the tips are still applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Max can be stealthy by Tomi Tapio K, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Felinopomorphic representation of the stealth analogy questions on SAT Reading. Special Guides The Vocabulary You Must Know For SAT Reading The skills you need for SAT Reading are pretty different from those developed in your standard high school English literature class, but there is sometimes a little bit of overlap in terminology. If you aren’t fluent in what words like "metaphor," "anecdote," and "irony" mean, you’ll need to learn a few terms. How to Attack Paired Passages on SAT Reading This is the passage type on the SAT Reading section with some of the trickiest questions (because it includes questions that ask about multiple passages). You’ll need to make sure you have the right tools to get the job (of doing well on paired passage questions) done. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT, but you can still skim it for general reading tips that are applicable to the new SAT Reading section. How Science/Math People Can Do Well On SAT Reading Do you consistently struggle with your SAT Reading score, even though you do really well on the more concrete Math and Writing sections? Read this article for guidance on how to apply the analytical skills you already have to SAT Reading. Which Question Types Show Up The Most Often On SAT Reading? Not all question types show up on the SAT Reading section with the same frequency. Find out which are the questions you need to invest the most time in preparing for and which you might be able to skip preparing for altogether. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! SAT Reading Strategies and Tips Now that you understand the SAT Reading section at a deeper level, the next step is to actually apply your knowledge and work on improving your skills. The guides I've linked to below will help you structure your SAT Reading practice and make sure you're prepping in a way that will be reflected on test day. The Best SAT Reading Practice Tests If you're not going to use high quality materials for your SAT Reading practice, you're basically just throwing away your time. We've gathered for you a comprehensive list of all the SAT Reading practice tests out there (including links to free resources) and advice on which are the best and which you should avoid at all costs. Stop Running Out Of Time On SAT Reading Ever run out of time on SAT Reading? You're definitely not alone. Your ability to read quickly and thoroughly under time pressure is one of those skills that is informally tested by SAT Reading. This article has tips for those whose reading pace does not match the frenetic pace necessitated by the SAT Reading section. How to Master SAT Reading Questions: A 5-Step Process Sometimes it's hard to know where exactly to begin with finding the answers to SAT Reading questions- unlike with SAT Math or Writing and Language, there are no equations you can plug numbers into or grammatical rules to refer to. Use the five-step framework outlined in this article as a way to systematize your approach to every SAT Reading question. The Best Way To Practice SAT Reading Hey, you're a busy person. You probably have limited time for test prep (unless you can control time, in which case I have some other questions for you), which means you need to make sure you're going about preparing for the SAT Reading section in as efficient a manner as possible. Create your own SAT Reading action plan using the advice in this article. PrepScholar's Top 4 SAT Reading Strategies It's all very well and good to attack SAT Reading head on, but there is also value in strategy. Use this compilation of our best SAT Reading strategies as a reference during your SAT Reading prep. Find the strategies that work best for you and apply them as needed. 10 Essential SAT Reading Tips In need of some quick fixes you can use to improve your SAT Reading score? This is the article for you. Read through these tips if you're running short on study time and could use a quick score boost. The Best Books To Use For SAT Reading Practice When online resources aren’t always enough, students often turn to books to help with their SAT prep. But which books are the best for SAT Reading? How can you be sure? Be certain you're using the best resources available with our list in hand. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Overview and Tips On the new SAT, your performance on the Reading and Writing sections is combined into one out-of-800 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score. Learn what skills are tested across both the Reading and Writing sections and the most effective ways to boost your overall Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score. Vocabulary-Specific Strategies How to Study Vocabulary for the New 2016 SAT Reading The new SAT doesn't have sentence completion questions, but that doesn't mean that you don't need to know advanced vocabulary to answer certain question types. Learn about the ways you'll be tested on vocab meaning and usage on the new SAT with this article. The Best Way To Study Vocabulary for SAT Reading Do you do okay with most Reading question skills, but struggle with words-in-context questions or more complicated passages? This article covers the best way to learn new vocabulary for the SAT Reading test and gives you lists of the most commonly tested words you'll need to know. Using the method laid out in this article, you'll learn more words in less time by focusing on the words that are hard for you. The 262 SAT Vocab Words You Need To Know If you're going to make the time to study vocab for the SAT, you should absolutely study the most frequently-seen words. Use this free resource to guide your SAT Reading practice. Best SAT Reading Vocab Lists On The Web Already powered through our list of 200+ vocab words and looking for more? Go through this guide to get more sources for more SAT Reading vocabulary lists. The Best SAT Vocabulary Practice: Tips and Resources Do you struggle to learn new vocabulary just through brute-force memorization? Explore other ways to get comfortable with unfamiliar words and learn how to apply your increased vocab knowledge successfully on the SAT. What’s Next? Whew. That is a lot of information, but then again, there is a lot of information to process about SAT Reading if you want to do well. And of course, it's not enough to just read all these articles- even for SAT Reading, merely reading does not automatically boost your score. After reading these articles, you have to take the next steps: Go out and forage for high quality materials. First and foremost, this means practicing with real SATs, but it also means making sure you only use the highest quality SAT Reading practice material, like this guide (shameless plug). Diagnose your SAT Reading weaknesses and review your mistakes. Stay motivated. We have some great tips for this in our article on how to achieve a perfect score on the SAT. If all of this seems daunting, it’s worth checking out our SAT test prep platform. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

The Impact of Race on Childrens Friendships

The Impact of Race on Childrens Friendships In his 1963 â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech† the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. longed for the day when â€Å"little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.† While in 21st century America, King’s dream is certainly possible, more often than not black children and white children remain strangers thanks to de facto segregation in the nation’s schools and neighborhoods. Even in diverse communities, however, children of color and white children tend not to be close friends. What’s responsible for this trend? Studies reveal that children internalize society’s views on race relations, which has largely given them the idea that it’s best for people to â€Å"stick to their own kind.† The older children get, the more likely they are not to socialize closely with peers of a different race. This paints a relatively bleak picture for the future of race relations, but the good news is that by the time youth reach college they aren’t as quick to rule out people as friends on the basis of race. Why Interracial Friendships Are Important Cross-race friendships have a number of benefits for children, according to a study on the subject published in the Journal of Research on Childhood Education in 2011. â€Å"Researchers find that children who hold interracial friendships tend to have high levels of social competence and self-esteem,† according to study lead Cinzia Pica-Smith. â€Å"They are also socially skilled and tend to have more positive attitudes about racial differences than their peers who do not have interracial friendships. Despite the benefits of interracial friendships, several studies have shown that even young children are more inclined to have intra-racial friendships than interracial ones and that cross-race friendships decrease as children age. â€Å"Children’s Perceptions of Interethnic and Interracial Friendships in a Multiethnic School Context,† Pica-Smith’s study of 103 children- including one group of kindergartners and first graders and another of fourth- and fifth-graders- found that younger children do have a more positive outlook on inter-group friendships than their older peers. In addition, children of color favor cross-racial friendships more than whites do, and girls do more than boys. Due to the positive impact cross-racial friendships have on race relations, Pica-Smith encourages educators to foster such friendships among the children in their classrooms. Kids on Race CNN’s report â€Å"Kids on Race: The Hidden Picture† made it clear that some children hesitate to form cross-race friendships because they’ve picked up cues from society that â€Å"birds of a feather flock together.† Released in March 2012, the online report focused on the friendship patterns of 145 African-American and Caucasian children. One group of study subjects fell between the ages of 6 and 7 years old and a second group fell between the ages of 13 and 14 years old. When shown pictures of a black child and a white child together and asked if the pair could be friends, 49 percent of young children said they could be while just 35 percent of teens said the same. Moreover, young African-American children were far more likely than either young white children or white teens to believe that friendship between the youths in the picture was possible. Black teens, however, were just four percent more likely than white teens to think cross-race friendship between the youths in the picture was possible. This indicates that skepticism about cross-race friendships rises with age. Also of note is that white youths in majority black schools were more likely than whites in majority white schools to view cross-race friendship as possible. Sixty percent of the former youths viewed interracial friendships favorably compared to just 24 percent of the latter. Diversity Doesnt Always Result in Interracial Friendships Attending a large, diverse school doesnt mean that children will be more likely to form cross-race friendships. A University of Michigan study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal in 2013 found that race is a bigger factor in larger (and typically more diverse) communities. The larger the school, the more racial segregation there is, says sociologist Yu Xie, one of the studys authors. Data on 4,745 students in grades 7-12 during the 1994-95 school year was collected for the study. Xie explained that in smaller communities the number of potential friends is limited, making it more difficult for students to find a person who has the traits they want in a friend and shares their racial background as well. In larger schools, however, its easier to find someone who will meet other criteria for a friend plus be of the same race, Xie says. Race plays a bigger role in a larger community because you can satisfy other criteria, but in a smaller school other factors dominate the decision who is your friend. Interracial Friendships in College While several reports indicate that interracial friendships wane with age, a study published in 2010 in the American Journal of Sociology found that first-year college students â€Å"are more likely to make friends with peers they share a dorm room or major with than they are to befriend those from similar racial backgrounds,† the Houston Chronicle reported. Researchers from Harvard University and the University of California at Los Angeles tracked the Facebook profiles of 1,640 students at an unnamed university to determine how they picked friends. The study suggested students are more likely to become friends with peers they see often, peers from the same state or peers who attended similar types of high schools than they were to become friends with peers who simply shared their same cultural background. â€Å"Race is important in the end,† explained Kevin Lewis, one of the study’s authors, â€Å"but it’s nowhere near as important as we thought.†

Sunday, February 16, 2020

EFFECT OF CHIROPRACTIC CARE ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND PAIN Article

EFFECT OF CHIROPRACTIC CARE ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND PAIN - Article Example This seems to be a study of the neurological system. The study is to look at interventions and their impact in two areas. First there is the cardiovascular system and the other is the sensation and intensity of pain in parts of the body. It will be compared with studies that gave results for the cardio vascular system. These two areas are controlled by two different pathways or mechanisms. The research says it seeks to show that the PNS and the SNS are working in an antagonistic relationship. There is already much established authority that considers them to be working in a complimentary relationship. That first position may be relevant in an allopathic mode. It should have no place in a holistic field like chiropractic. Chiropractic considers all the systems to be part of a whole working together. There is a comparison with other studies with results for HRV. There is an unnecessary complication to consider the pain facto in this study. The exception would be if the pain was considered in a specific area of the body. An example would be chest pain. The chest pain should be of a certain type and duration. The pain analysis should be further broken down between those with known conditions and those in the general population. The procedure for collection is reasonable. The results are problematic. First, the T-test is used when the data follows a normal distribution. There seem to be no normal distribution. 70 percent of the patients were taken from the general population. The other thirty percent were participants with known heart conditions. It would have been better to study known patient cases or a general population group. Second, the ANOVA is used to recognize differences in two variables. There are two different variables and two different types of variables. First there is the variable of the two patient groups. That is the regular patients and the patients with the heart

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Chinas Transition to a Market-oriented Economy Essay

Chinas Transition to a Market-oriented Economy - Essay Example This paper is one of the best examples of objective analysis of the macroeconomic situation in China through the recent years of macroeconomic transformation. Being the most populous country in the world, China set out to transform its economy from a centrally planned one to a market oriented one in 1978. This transformation came after the regime of Mao and is seen to take place in two stages: between 1979-1993 came the first stage and the second stage began in 1994 to presently. The two stages are primarily differentiated by the 1989 Student Movement. Multinational Corporations developed interest in China and, since it presented unique marketing issues and challenges. These MNCs anticipate the growth and expansion of these economies and have thus endeavored to expand their operations to them. The greatest challenge facing China’s transition is structural impediment existent within the economy particularly with state-owned enterprises and state-owned banks; where both have interrelated problems that the state continues to intervene in their investment decisions and capital allocation. The state sector has set up several state-owned enterprises with supposed policy loans from the state-owned banks to prevent bankruptcy. The Chinese government has directed large amounts of funds into infrastructure and other projects leaving the budget at deficit levels; all this in a bid to fuel economic growth. The transition has been riddled with corruption primarily in the central and regional governments as well as in the commercial sector. This has made it difficult to undertake relevant projects beneficial to the public and not specific individuals. Beijing officials have attempted to end this by running public anti-corruption campaigns and holding trials of senior party officials in public. Nonetheless, it has continued to exist and this has made the public averse to social reforms. This has created the problem of rising inequality and in turn an overpowering middle class; which results in a shrinking workforce

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Strategies for the Dietary Control of Diabetes

Strategies for the Dietary Control of Diabetes A survey of the recent strategies for the dietary control of diabetes in the Middle East INTRODUCTION Significant changes in the political and socio-economic climates have been the hallmark of the last decade in the many of the countries in the Middle East especially those located in the territories of the Arabian Gulf. These changes have impacted in no small way on the demographics of the affected countries. Notable are the obvious shifts in age distribution and a perceptible increase in healthy life expectancy. Furthermore, there have been alterations in the conventional lifestyles of the people living in these countries perhaps due largely to westernization, rapid urbanization and industrialization (Abdella et al 1995). It is also worth mentioning that disease types, trends and or their prevalence have also changed dramatically. Prominent among these is diabetes. Diabetes – delineation The incidence and prevalence of diabetes have consistently increased in the last 20 years; these changes have paralleled environmental transformation as well as the adjustments to changes above mentioned (Abdella et al 1995; Zimmet et al 1977). The current projection of the World Health Organisation (WHO 2007) indicates that there will be further increases in the prevalence of diabetes in the Middle East. A working committee of the WHO on diabetes defined the disease as ‘a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both; the effects being long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs’ (Alberti and Zimmet 1998). Diabetes is caused by a lack of the hormone insulin, which is produced by the ÃŽ ²-islet cells of the pancreas. Glucose is the primary energy source for all cells and is provided by digest ion of carbohydrates from the diet. Insulin enhances the body cells’ uptake of glucose from blood plasma. Hence, defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or, most commonly, both leads to decreased uptake of glucose by the cells and an increase in blood glucose levels. Sustained increases in blood glucose level will lead to the excretion of glucose in the urine when such increases exceed the renal threshold of the molecule. This in turn leads to the typical symptoms of diabetes: excessive production of urine (polyuria) and extreme thirst (polydipsia). Fatty acids from fat stores are metabolized as an alternative energy source when the body senses a lack of glucose, the result is weight loss and fatigue other common symptoms of diabetes (Maitra and Abbas 2004). The clinical profile of diabetes varies minimally between the countries of the Middle East. In Kuwait for example, because of the marked disparity between individuals in their age of diabetes onset, mode of present ation, and the degree of obesity, the clinical profile of the disease is heterogeneous (Abdella et al 1995). Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease entity, but rather a group of metabolic disorders sharing the common underlying feature of hyperglycemia. Type 1 (early-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and Type 2 (maturity-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) diabetes are well known types and are characterized by the different metabolic processes of the disease (Alberti and Zimmet, 1998). Type 2 accounts for about 80% of the disease worldwide. The chronic hyperglycemia and attendant metabolic dysregulation may be associated with secondary damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels (Maitra and Abbas 2004). The Role of Diet in the Management of Diabetes Nutritional therapy is an integral part of the management of diabetes and plays a vital role in helping people with diabetes achieve and maintain optimal blood glucose level (United Kingdom (UK) Prospective Diabetes Study Group (UKPDS), 1990; Delahanty, 1998). The nutritional management of patients is based on evidence-based principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications (American Diabetes Association, 2002). These recommendations are based on evidence published in the international literature and from consensus and expert opinion as required (Ha and Lean, 1998). The benefit of tight control of both blood glucose and blood pressure in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated in several well controlled randomized large-scale studies (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993; UKPDS 1998a,1998b). Generally, the objectives of strategies for the dietary control of diabetes are complementary to the aims of medical treatment. Dyson (2002) reported that these includes but not limited to the following: Maintaining blood glucose within predetermined target range Minimizing the risk of hypoglycaemia for those patients taking insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents Achieving weight loss in the obese patient Reducing the risk of long-term complications of diabetes Maintaining blood pressure and lipid levels within predetermined target ranges Improving and maintaining suitable quality of life. (Dyson 2002) Rationale for the project Contemporary management of diabetes places emphasis on the individual patient’s responsibility for diabetes control of blood sugars and of food consumption. The concept of self-care with regard to a recommended diet is thus considered important in order for patients to maintain normoglycaemia and reduce or prevent diabetes-related complications (Rubin and Peyrot, 1992; Rubin et al, 1997). The diabetic patient is expected to monitor his/her carbohydrate metabolism, energy expenditure and the effects of insulin or recommended medicaments on blood pressure and sugar levels. This inevitably demands a level of understanding about diabetes and of the effect of diet on the progression and or management of the disease. This survey will explore the individual patients’ approach to control or support the pharmacotherapeutic management of his/her diabetes using diet. The study will shed light on diabetic patient’s adherence to guideline dietary recommendations in the Middle East or on novel dietary strategies for the control of the disease. The results of this study is essential to health policies makers in the region and pivotal for governmental strategies to minimize the burden of the diabetic epidemics in the Middle East. Using Kuwait as First Port of Call for the Middle East Diabetes Diet Study (MEDDS) The middle east comprise a large region that covers parts of northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and south eastern Europe consisting of Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The ‘Middle East Diabetes Diet Study’ (MEDDS) will focus on Kuwait in its first phase. Implementation of the study in other countries of the Middle East will stem from its success in Kuwait following appropriate modifications to adapt the study tools to the settings and subjects of these countries. Description of First Target site: Kuwait is a relatively small country, (17, 818 km2 in surface area) and is situated in the North Eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Kuwait shares the north and west borders with Iraq, is bordered on the south by Saudi Arabia and on the east by the Arabian Gulf. Total population of Kuwait in 2005 was 2, 867, 000 and over 88% of these were aged 15 and over; percent Urban population out of total population was 100% during the same period (WHO 2007). The prevalence of diabetes in Kuwait was 104,000 in 2000 and the projection for the year 2030 is 319,000; this will amount to about 44% of the projected total population (WHO 2007). AIM AND OBJECTIVES Aim: The aim of this proposal is to develop a plan for the conduct of a cross-sectional survey of the recent ( Objectives: To purposely select a panel of experienced diabetes practitioners/clinicians to conceive questions assessing patients’ knowledge of their diabetes and the effects of their food types and feeding pattern on glycaemia and blood pressure control (in 11 main domains) To develop and validate a diabetes-diet questionnaire tool for the study To implement the diabetes-diet instrument during a face to face semi-structured interview designed to further explore recent dietary strategies for the control of diabetes To administer a 7-day diet dairy to respondents. Repeat the survey in other countries of the Middle East METHODOLOGY Development of Study Instruments An initial list of 11 patient’s knowledge domains as shown below will be used: Basic knowledge about diabetes Knowledge of patient’s own current management if involving pharmacotherapy Consumption of olives, fruits and vegetables, nuts and cereals in recent times. The intake of legumes in cooked foods in the last 5 years Recent intake of dairy and meat products. Consumption of alcohol/wine in the last 5 years Knowledge of other food types consumed recently Knowledge of feeding pattern in recent times Knowledge of occurrences of diabetes complications and or hospitalisations in the last 5 years Knowledge of the effect of food types and pattern of intake on control of blood pressure in the last 5 years Knowledge of the effect of food types and pattern of intake on the control of blood glucose in the last 5 years Under each domain, important points regarding each topic will be identified. To ensure content validity, a panel of 10 senior practitioners in the area of diabetes management will be identified and asked to participate in diabetes-diet (MEDDS) instrument development phase (Kline 1986; Streiner and Norman 1989). The expert reviewers will include 2 pharmacists involved in care of diabetes patients, 3 diabetes staff nurses, 3 diabetes specialist dietitians and 2 consultants in the area of diabetes. These will be identified based on their records of diabetes patient care experiences and on their knowledge of the factors impacting on the progression of the disease. The diabetes-diet (MEDDS) instrument’s content experts will rate each of the topic domains and indicate the percentage weight of each domain within the entire study tool. Between 6 and 12 multiple-choice questions will be created for each domain, with a focus on information ranked by the experts as most important for the objectives of the study. The multiple-choice question format is chosen because it is easy to administer and it will be easy to psychometrically validate the ensuing instrument (Kline 1986). Each multiple choice question will have 4 possible responses, namely one correct answer and 3 distracters. However, in order to fully capture any emerging theme, respondents will be allowed time to comment freely on the questions and the multiple choices in a semi-structured interview. These will then be transcribed for analysis. Existing questions from previous studies may be harnessed and modified by the panel. The expert panel will also rank the questions within the domain in descending order based on its relative importance to patients’ diabetes diet requirement/knowledge. After the initial item bank is compiled, the expert panel members will be asked to rank the overall quality of each item on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = poor, 5 = excellent) in terms of how well it tested each information point. These rankings will be used to eliminate questions and create a 20-30 item pilot instrument. An item bank will be developed based on this information. Questions will be written at 7th grade reading level as determined by the Flesch/Flesch-Kincaid Readability Tests calculated from Dave Taylor and Intuitive systems (2007). Respondents will also be asked to fill a 7-day diet diary. Inclusion criteria Adult volunteers aged 18-85, living in the study site with not less than 3 years diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Since retinal and vascular problems associated with diabetes mellitus are common, attempts will be made to administer the tools also in carers of blind diabetic patients. Exclusion criteria Anyone diagnosed with a mental illness as it may be difficult to determine the truthfulness of information collected from these patients. Patients who are deaf; this is because a researcher and the interviewee would need to be proficient in sign language for any meaningful interview to take palce Data-collection tools Three data-collection tools will eventually be used; (1) the diabetes diet questionnaire (MEDDS tool), (2) a semi-structured interview using validated questions developed by the experts group and (3) a health diary. The interview and diet questionnaire will be the main data source. The semi-structured interview will last for 20 -30 minutes and will be conducted to further explore dietary trends for the control of diabetes in the last 5 years; this will be done at any location convenient for the respondents. The MEDDS questionnaire will be self or researcher administered during the face-to-face interview. A team of 8 interviewers will be trained by the researchers for 4 days before the start of data collection. The questionnaire will be translated into the local language of the study site. The study tools will be pre-tested for about 1 week in diabetes patients across age and sex variables of the target diabetic cohort as shown by Abdella et al (1995) for diabetic Kuwaiti. Larger scal e administration of the instrument will be for 6 months following the pre-test period. Study population Based on the household registry linked to databases of diabetes organisations in Kuwait, the survey will stratify the area of Kuwait into seven strata according to the degree of urbanization, geographic location, and administrative boundaries. Townships or districts will be selected from each stratum with the selection probability being proportional to its size. Sample selection will involve the use of multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure at the district level to select sub districts and zones from where the study sample could be drawn. In each district, the area will be sub-divided into sub districts from which 3 zones will be selected based on population size. Within the selected zones, households will be randomly numbered, and houses assigned ‘even numbers’ will be selected into the final sample. . Instrument Administration Diabetes patients or their carer (as may be necessary) will be identified for face-to-face semi-structured interview, the administration of the diet questionnaire and the filling of a diet diary in the final sample population. Knowledge of dietary recommendations for the management of their diabetes will be investigated; types of food as well as feeding pattern in the last 5 years will be evaluated for each diabetes type. Answers will also be sought to questions that will provide insight into patients recent general daily energy intake and expenditure; daily amount of carbohydrate and protein in the diet, control of blood pressure and glucose levels in the last 5 years. Respondents will also provide insights into changes in local custom for dietary control of diabetes. Following the interview and administration of the diet questionnaire, each participant will be given a 7-day diet diary to complete after each meal or at the end of each day. It will be explained that the diet diary sh ould contain food types and time of eating and all dietary tactics taken to maintain normal blood glucose level (4–7 mmol/litre). The diet diary will further explore the truthfulness of information provided in the interview/ questionnaire as well as shed light on how the respondents have presented their recent self-care dietary strategies for the control of their diabetes. The Use of Interpreters Linguistic competency is central to cross-cultural studies and problems that may arise due to the researchers not understanding the local language could be overcome by the use of an interpreter (Davies, 1999). It may also be reassuring for the respondents to see someone with whom they share the same culture and language during the interview periods (Freed, 1988). Interpreters will either provide verbatim translation during the face to face interview or conduct the interview independently following adequate training (Baker, 1981). Psychometric Analysis of the Questionnaire for the Dietary Control of Diabetes Ensuring content and construct validity are appropriate methods to develop a knowledge instrument. Questionnaire validity is ideally established by comparing the new instrument being developed with an established recognized standard. There are no such standard for the target patients of this study. Reliability is also a vital attribute of a sound knowledge instrument. The diabetes-diet (MEDDS) instrument will be said to be reliable when scores are consistent over time within a site or as implementation moves from one site/country to another. The variability of the instrument’s results should in this case be due to true differences among the individuals patients that will be enrolled into the study (Streiner and Norman 1989). Content Validity Content validity refers to the extent to which a set of items reflects the intended content domain (De vellis 1991). A systematic approach to identifying important domains and developing specific items based on consultations amongst experienced practitioners in the management of diabetic patients will ensure the content validity of the ‘Middle East Diabetes Diet Survey’ (MEDDS) instrument’. This method follows those employed by Zeolla et al (2006) in determining patients’ knowledge of the management of their disease. Construct Validity Construct validity determines the instrument’s ability to function for its intended purpose (Kline 1986). The ‘contrasted group’ method will be used in this study to determine the construct validity of the MEDDS tool (Kline 1986). Reliability of the Diet Questionnaire A proportion of the diabetic patients recruited into the study will be followed-up after 4 months and urged to complete the diet questionnaire only. The time elapse is considered sufficient to reduce the impact of recall (Streiner and Norman 1989). A correlation coefficient will be calculated between the test scores from each administration. A coefficient of 0.80 or higher is considered acceptable for demonstrating test–retest reliability (Streiner and Norman 1989). Hypothesis for Construct Validity If the MEDDS instrument is a valid tool to assess the recent approaches for the dietary control of diabetes, patients managed for diabetes, should be more knowledgeable and achieve significantly higher scores than those not diagnosed or managed for the disease. To confirm this hypothesis, the response of diabetic patients to the final instrument will be compared with responses of age-matched subjects without diabetes in the same setting. Construct validity would be confirmed if the mean generated score for diabetic subjects were significantly higher than those not diagnosed or managed for diabetes. . Statistical and Data Analysis Statistical analyses will be by SPSS version 14. The results of the pre-test will be excluded from the analysis. Student’s t-test will be used to compare the differences in mean scores of patients managed and not managed for diabetes. Using chi-square (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2), demographics characteristics will be compared between patients managed and not managed for diabetes. Pearson’s correlation coefficient will be used for the test–retest reliability analysis. Descriptive statistics will be used to report patient demographics. The interview transcripts and the health diaries will be deliberated upon on more than one occasion to fully understand patients’ self care approach and identify individual patient’s dietary care strategies. Themes emerging from the interview will then be compared with dietary patterns observed in the 7-day diet diary and the diet questionnaire. Following a detailed analysis of the results of all 3 tools, perceptions of respondentsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ conformity to recommended dietary regimen or their general philosophy/strategy of managing diabetes with diet will be reached. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION The study qualitative paradigm protocol will be submitted for review and approval by the local ethics committee for the study region. A covering letter describing the goals of the study will be provided to patients agreeing to participate. The purpose of the study will be very carefully explained to the respondents and their consent will be individually obtained before the study tools are administered. Each participant will also complete a brief demographic questionnaire. In cases of identified illiteracy, the information contained in the form will be read by the study interpreter and informed consent sought. All respondents will assured of anonymity, confidentiality and that they could withdraw from participation in the study at any time. EXPECTED OUTPUT Interventions to prevent diabetes in the Middle East should include culturally appropriate and effective ways to improve the nutritional adequacy of the diet in line with international guidelines for the dietary control of diabetes. The result of the study will indicate the knowledge gaps if any in the study population. Tight glycaemia control associated with certain food types and feeding strategies identified in the study may become basis for its recommendation and use in other parts of the world for the control of the worldwide diabetes epidemic. References Abdella Nabila A., Moustafa M. Khogalib, Amani D. Salman’, Shaker A. Ghuneimi†, Jasbir S. Bajajd (1995) Pattern of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Kuwait Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 29.1 29-136 Alberti, K.G. Zimmet, P. Z. (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1:Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO commission. Diabetic Medicine, 15, 539^553. American Diabetes Association (2002) Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 25: S50–S60 Baker N (1981) Social work through an interpreter. Soc Work 26:391–97 Dave Taylor and Intuitive system (2007) [Internet] [Accessed 21st April 2007] http://www.readability.info/ Davies CA (1999) Reflexive Ethnography: A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. Routledge, London Delahanty LM (1998) Clinical significance of medical nutrition therapy in achieving diabetes outcomes and the importance of process. J Am Diet Assoc 98: 28–30 Devellis RF (1991). Scale development: theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of longterm complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329: 977–86 Dyson Pamela (2002) Nutrition and diabetes control: advice for non-dietitians British Journal of Community Nursing Vol 7, No 8. 414-419 Freed AO (1988) Interviewing through an intrepreter. Soc Work 33(4): 315–97 Ha TKK, Lean MEJ (1998) Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 52: 467–81 Kline P. (1986) A handbook of test construction: introduction to psychometric design. New York: Methuen Co. Maitra A and Abbas A.K (2004). The endocrine system. In: Robbin’s and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (edited by V. Kumar, A.K. Abbas N. Fausto). Pp. 1189-1207, 7th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders Company. Streiner DL, Norman GR. (1989) Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. New York: Oxford University Press. UKPDS (1998a) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 33. Lancet 352: 837–53 UKPDS (1998b) Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 317: 703–13 UKPDS (1990) Response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients: UKPDS 7. Metabolism 39: 905–12 WHO (2007) [Internet] Available: http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/world_figures/en/ Accessed 21st April 2007 Zeolla M. M., Michael R Brodeur, Angela Dominelli, Stuart T Haines, and Nicole D Allie (2006). Development and Validation of an Instrument to Determine Patient Knowledge: The Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge Test Ann Pharmacother 40:633-8. Zimmet, P., Taft, P., Guinea, A., Guthrie, W. and Tchoma, L. (1977) The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus on a central Pacific island. Diabetologia 13, 111-115.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Airbus V Boeing

Airbus v. Boeing Unit 8 Case Study MT330-01 International Marketing Kaplan University Christina Olson November 14, 2011 Airline manufacturers must compete with one another to be successful, and have the most birds in the sky. Boeing and Airbus are the two largest manufacturers for commercial aircraft, especially those used for long flights. Iberia Airlines wanted to purchase up to 12 brand new jumbo jets from one of these manufacturers. Enrique Dupuy, Iberia’s CFO, set a price that he wanted the company to pay for the aircraft and then started a bidding war between the two super jumbo jet manufacturers. Negotiation between two major companies like Airbus and Boeing can make a marketing strategy very strong or the complete opposite, it can cause a strategy to crumble to pieces in an instant. Airbus and Boeing both have dedicated sales representatives, Bight of Boeing and Leahy to their jobs very serious and developed a marketing plan like none other. These two gentlemen understood one important thing when it comes to marketing, plans must be able to adapt to change at any given moment. Prior to the beginning of the negotiation Airbus had an advantage of Boeing. Iberia Airline were currently using the manufacturers largest plane (Michaels, 2003). Airbus had already established a solid reputation with the airline company. Dupuy was familiar with Airbus’s resale guarantee, which was hard to beat by any other company (Michaels, 2003). Although Airbus had previous history with the airline company, Dupuy wanted to look at other manufacturers to get the best competitive price. Bright was personally contacted by Iberia Airlines to begin a negotiation process in hopes that he would be able to meet the predetermined price set by Dupuy (Michaels, 2003). Bright’s marketing strategy was geared to the fact that these planes could save more money in the long run while earning more revenue. He not only explained to Dupuy Boeing 777 could hold 24 more seats than Airbus which generated more revenue per flight (Michael, 2003). These aircrafts also used less fuel, allowing for expense to be dispersed to areas other than fuel (Michaels, 2003). Leahy did not let the extra seats and lower fuel usage discourage him during negotiations. During the meeting with Dupuy, Leahy reminded Dupuy that Airbus guarantees resale value of all aircraft plus the lower initial cost of purchasing the aircraft (Michaels, 2003). He provided numbers of how much the company would save by keeping Airbus, the price of extra parts and pilot training (Michaels, 2003). All of these costs were expense that would save the airline company millions of dollars upfront. Despite the good marketing and negotiation strategies by both manufacturing companies, Dupuy was not happy. Dupuy set a price that he wanted the two corporations to meet, or he would look into purchasing used aircraft (Michaels, 2003). This made both men return to their home company and refigure the marketing strategies. Each company offered perks such as financing, maintenance discounts, and sufficient amount of parts. Negotiation between the aircraft manufacturer and the airline company was not an easy task. Each time Bright or Dupuy offered a new contract; Dupuy rejected it asking for more discounts in price. He would also contact the other manufacturer, causing uproar to try to beat the prior suggested contract. The negotiation between Iberia Airlines and the manufacturing companies went on for over a year. Bright and Leahy were constantly adjusting their marketing strategy to fit the need of the airline company. These two men had to not only negotiate with the airline company but with the finance company and the company that makes the parts and engines (Michaels, 2003). It was a never ending task until Dupuy finally decided on which company enter into contract with. During the end of the negotiations, Dupuy stood firm in his set price; he refused to settle. Boeing and Airbus had very strong marketing strategies that had to change constantly in order to not only meet the expectations of the buyer but to overcome the bid of the competitor. Even though Boeing had strong factors, such as the decreased fuel expense and increased income from more passengers, Airbus won the negotiation. Leahy was able to meet all of the expectations set by Dupuy, better financing, decreased price but most of all the guarantee return on sale of the aircraft for 20 years (Michaels, 2003). During the negotiation process both aircraft manufacturers were focused mainly on numbers. Another aspect of a marketing strategy should have been safety and consumer choice. Airbus was noted to have a system that not all pilots trust â€Å"Fly-by-the-wire,† causing planes to malfunction and plunge 100s of feet in seconds (Bland, 2009). Both of these factors can play a major role in how many passengers choose to fly with one airline company over another because of the aircraft used. Had either of the manufacturers used these two simple areas in their marketing strategy the negotiation outcome could have been different. Reference Bland, A. (July 1, 2009). The Big Question: Why was another Airbus crashed, and is flying Becoming more risky?. The Independent, Retrieved from http://www. independent. co. uk/news/world/africa/ the-big-question-why-has-another -airbus-crashed-and-is-flying-becoming-more-risky-1726056. html Michaels, D. (March 10, 2003). Boeing and Airbus in the Dogfight to Meet Stringent Terms of Iberia’s Executives. The Wall Street Journal Europe, Dow Jones & Co. –